Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal activity of the obtained “Cachisept” tablets for resorption in the oral cavity for the treatment and prevention of dental caries

to this condition spanning their entire lifespan. Consequently, the search for novel medications aimed at treating and preventing dental caries holds significant importance in the field of pharmacy. The aim of the work was to study the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activity of the obtained oral tablets “Сaсhisept” for resorp - tion in the oral cavity for the treatment and prevention of dental caries. Materials and methods. The obtained tablets “Сaсhisept” with green tea leaf extract were the object of investigation. Antioxidant activity was established by the potentiometric method, and antimicrobial and antifungal activity was assessed by the agar well diffusion method. Results. The level of antioxidant activity for tablets “Сaсhisept” was 110.00 ± 2.20 mmol-eqv./m dry res , the obtained tablets had a high level of antioxidant activity according to Maslov’s conditional classification. Staphylococcus aureus (25.33 ± 0.50 mm), Baсillus subtilis (25.33 ± 0.50 mm) and Streptococcus mutans (25.33 ± 0.50 mm) were the most sensitive to the obtained “Сaсhisept” tablets, and the least – Proteus vulgaris (20.67 ± 0.50 mm), and it was observed strong growth inhibition in relation to the fungus Candida albicans (20.00 ± 0.50 mm). Conclusions. The presented study has found that “Сaсhisept” tablets have a high level of antioxidant activity, and also have a high an - timicrobial and antifungal effect against all investigated Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and the Candida albicans fungus. Thus, “Сaсhisept” tablets can be recommended for the treatment and prevention of dental caries.

Current issues in pharmacy and medicine: science and practice.Volume 16.No. 3, September -December 2023 ISSN 2306-8094
Актуальні питання фармацевтичної і медичної науки та практики.2023.Т. 16, № 3(43).С. 213-216 Dental caries represents a bacterial infectious ailment marked by an advancing demineralization procedure that impacts the mineralized structures of the tooth [1].According to the litera ture, Streptococcus mutans is considered the main causative agent of caries, but recent studies have shown that this strain is only a small part of the oral microbiota [2].The microbiota of the oral cavity is represented by various bacteria that belong to the following genera: Lactobacillius, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus [3].Dental caries is the most common oral illness and the main cause of periodontal disease and tooth loss.According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012, 60-90 % of schoolage children worldwide have caries, and in adults -30-80 % [4].In Ukraine, the prevalence of caries in the adult population is 95-98 %, and in schoolchildren -81.0-99.5 % [5].
To solve this urgent problem is the possibility of using medicinal plants.A potential medicinal plant for averting and managing dental caries is the green tea leaf.In our studies, it was found that green tea leaf is rich in catechins (epigallocatechin3Ogallate, epicatechin, (+)catechin), flavonols (rutin, quercetin), organic (citric, oxalic acid) and phenylcarboxylic acids (gallic, quinic and caffeic acid) [6,7].The main group of compounds in green tea leaf are catechins that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifungal effects [8,9].

Aim
Thus, the aim of the work was to study the antioxidant, anti microbial, and antifungal activity of the obtained oral tablets "Сaсhisept" for resorption in the oral cavity for the treatment and prevention of dental caries.

Materials and methods
Every solvents and additional chemicals employed in the investigation were of analytical quality.
The object of our study was tablets with green tea extract under the conditional name "Сaсhisept", which was obtained at the Department of Analytical Chemistry and Analytical Toxicology (Series No. 22/09/21).
Potentiometric measurements were carried out using the HANNA 2550 pH meter (manufactured in FRG) equipped with a platinum electrode EZDO 50 PO (manufactured in Taiwan).
The antibacterial activity of analyzed samples was carried out by the method of agar well diffusion [10,11,12].We employed aqueous solutions of extracts at a concentration of 1 %.To compare the results, a control preparation was taken -a 1 % ethanol solution of Chlorophyllipt, which was produced by the Pharmaceutical Company "Zdorovye", LTD (Kharkiv, Ukraine).
For each experiment, five samples were subjected to analysis, with each assay conducted five times.The outcomes were presented as average values accompanied by confidence intervals.Statistical analysis was carried out using MS Excel 7.0 and Statistica 6.0 software.

Results
We have developed an original composition of oral tablets with green tea leaf extract under the code name "Сaсhisept" (Ukrainian Patent for a utility model No. 151545 dated 11.08.2022)[14].The composition of the tablets includes green tea leaf extract (10 % out of mass), polyvinylpyrro lidone extract (2 % out of mass), methylcellulose 101 (2 % out of mass), citral (1 % out of mass), calcium stearate (1 % out of mass) and sorbitol extract (84 % out of mass).The average tablet weight is 800 ± 24 mg and the tablet diameter is 11 mm.
According to the results of the study, it was found that the antioxidant activity of the tablets "Сaсhisept" was more than 54 % than the reference drug "Ascorutin".Accord ing to the developed conditional Maslov's classification of the level of antioxidant activity [15], we determined that "Сaсhisept" tablets have a high level of antioxidant activity, and, in turn, the reference drug "Askorutin" has a medium level (Table 1).

Оригінальні дослідження
The experimental results showed that the obtained tab lets "Сaсhisept" have a high antibacterial and antifungal activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacte ria.Staphylococcus aureus (25.33 ± 0.50 mm), Bacillus subtilis (25.33 ± 0.50 mm), and Streptococcus mutans (25.33 ± 0.50 mm) were the most sensitive to the obtained "Сaсhisept" tablets among all strains bacteria, and among Gram-negative bacteria, the growth of Escherichia coli was strongly inhi bited (23.67 ± 0.50 mm).Proteus vulgaris (20.67 ± 0.50 mm) was the most resistant strain among bacteria to "Сaсhisept" tablets.Also, the results showed that "Сaсhisept" tablets strongly inhibit the growth of Candida albicans (20.00 ± 0.50 mm) (Table 2).

Discussions
Saliva has not only antiseptic and immunological effects but also antioxidant activity.The antioxidant system of saliva con sists of various enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase) and other substances (vitamin E, C).
Ahmadi-Motamayel F. et al. [16] studied the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of saliva in children aged 12-14 years with and without dental caries.The research showed that TAC was higher in children with caries than in children with healthy teeth.This fact is due to the fact that when the dentin of the tooth is damaged, the level of reactive oxygen species increases, which in response turns on the antioxidant mechanism of saliva, thereby increasing the level of anti oxidant activity.
Thus, for the treatment of dental caries, the drug must have an antioxidant effect.In our studies, it was found that "Сaсhisept" tablets had a high level of antioxidant effect, so our drug can be used for the treatment and prevention of dental caries.
The development of dental caries directly depends on the microbiota of the oral cavity.Recent studies have examined the interaction between Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans.Ren Z. et al. [17] showed that bacterial and fungal cells form stable conglomerates in saliva.At the initial stages of tooth colonization, the pseudomycelium of the fungus "walks" with hyphae along the substrate, carrying bacterial cells on itself.This unusual type of movement increases the rate of colonization by a factor of three and the rate of development of dental caries by a factor of two.
In recent years, there has been growing evidence that not only acidproducing bacteria but also Candida fungi contribute to the development of inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa and the occurrence of dental caries, despite the fact that Candida albicans itself does not destroy teeth.Hence, in the context of treating and preventing dental caries, the medication should not solely suppress bacterial growth but also effectively hinder Candida genus fungi.Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans were highly sensitive to "Сaсhisept" tablets, which indicates the possibility of using our drug in the treatment and prevention of dental caries.

Conclusions
1.In the presented research, it was found that "Сaсhisept" tablets had a high level of antioxidant activity.
2. Tablets "Сaсhisept" had a high antibacterial and antifungal activity against all investigated Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and the fungus Candida albicans.
3. Grounded on the results of the investigation, "Сaсhisept" tablets can be recommended for the treatment and prevention of dental caries.

Table 1 .
Antioxidant activity of tablets "Сaсhisept" and reference drug

Table 2 .
Antimicrobial and antifungal activity of tablets "Сaсhisept" and reference drug